Community Levels Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay

NHS Western Cheshire Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) is the administration that commissions wellness services for the population of Western Cheshire ensuring that services run into local demands. The trust leads the local NHS ( infirmaries, general practicians, tooth doctors, oculists and community staff ) and works in partnership with other administrations, such as local governments and both public and voluntary sector administrations, to better the wellness and well-being of occupants ( 3 ) . Within the PCT the Public Health Department is headed by the Director of Public Health, a joint assignment between the PCT and the local authorization. The section ‘s function within the PCT is to enable and back up the PCT and its spouses to better the wellness of the population and cut down wellness inequalities that exist in Western Cheshire. The section has a duty for wellness protection, instruction and betterment in the part, including proviso for immunization and showing services and exigency planning for epidemics, e.g. swine grippe. The section is responsible for development and bringing of wellness schemes, based upon local demands, to implement both national and regional policy. Within the section the Specialist Health Improvement Team has a duty for the commissioning and bringing of wellness instruction and betterment services, e.g. smoking surcease and weight direction, based upon national, regional and local policies, schemes and needs appraisals. For the intent of this paper Western Cheshire is assumed to hold a population of 150,000 with a mix of societal category, cultural and age groups mirroring the national norm. This paper proposes a two twelvemonth evidence-based scheme to increase degrees of exercising in the population. There are five attacks to wellness publicity ; Medical or Preventive ; Behaviour Change ; Educational ; Empowerment ; and Social Change, and, it might be said that, for wellness publicity to be genuinely effectual it should use aspects of each of these attacks ( 6 ) . Although possibly one or two attacks would look to be most suited to specific schemes or intercessions, for illustration behaviors alteration might be an appropriate attack for increasing degrees of physical activity but, in truth, will probably be doomed to failure without at least some part from most, if non all, other attacks. Therefore this scheme proposes a holistic methodological analysis, including actions embracing all five of th ese attacks.Evidence BasePhysical inaction is a important, independent hazard factor for a scope of chronic wellness conditions impacting society today ( 7 ) and there is a compelling instance for implanting the publicity of physical activity in the NHS to procure the future wellness of the state ( 8 ) . In fact it has been said that if a drug or intervention was developed that had the possible to forestall as many wellness conditions as physical activity ( see fig. 1 ) it would be proclaimed a ‘miracle remedy ‘ or ‘wonder drug ‘ ( 7 ) . But physical inaction besides has far-reaching deductions for the wider populace sector, such as societal attention. For illustration: of grownups aged over 65, 12 % are unable to walk outside on their ain, and 9 % can non pull off stepss unaided ( 2 ) Figure 1. The impact of physical activity on many chronic wellness conditions Evidence shows that an active life style: has a significant impact on the hazard of major non-communicable disease, including coronary bosom disease, high blood pressure and some malignant neoplastic diseases ( 2 ) can cut down the hazard of shot, and modify cardiovascular disease hazard factors such as high blood force per unit area and high cholesterin ( 2 ) protects against malignant neoplastic diseases of the colon, chest ( post-maturity ) and endometrium ( 5 ) reduces the hazard of and helps pull off musculo-skeletal wellness conditions, including osteoporosis and degenerative arthritis ( 2 ) reduces the hazard of depression and promotes many other positive mental wellness benefits, including cut downing anxiousness ; bettering self-pride ; and assist cut down physiological reactions to emphasize ( 2 ) has been found to be as effectual in the intervention of mental sick wellness as anti-depressant drugs and psychotherapeutics ( 9, 10 ) supports weight direction – ensuing in modest weight loss of around 0.5-1kg per month ( 2 ) by the age of 70, 25 % of adult females and 7 % of work forces have deficient leg strength to acquire out of a chair without utilizing their weaponries ( 2 ) . Physical activity is portion of the solution to back uping the publicity of independent life in older grownups, thereby cut downing the cost of societal attention. Fallss are a prima cause of inadvertent decease of older people and fractured hips, as a consequence of falls, cost the NHS and societal services ?1.8 billion each twelvemonth in England ( 11 ) . Physical activity, peculiarly preparation to better strength, balance and coordination, can be extremely effectual in cut downing the incidence of falls ( 2 ) . Regular exercising has besides been shown to protect against the oncoming of depressive symptoms and anxiousness ( 12 ) . In mid-life and older grownups, physical activity can decelerate or forestall age-related cognitive diminution, and is associated with a lower hazard of developing dementedness ( 13 ) . Despite the multiple wellness additions associated with a physically active life style, merely 40 % of grownup work forces and 28 % of big adult females meet the Chief Medical Officers ( CMO ) recommendations for wellness ( 14 ) , nevertheless, the existent challenge is that 75 % of work forces and 67 % of adult females believe that they are active plenty ( 15 ) . There is a acknowledgment across the NHS that active life styles are now an intrinsic portion of twenty-first century health care and that advancing active life styles is a simple reply to many of the wellness challenges confronting our state today ( 8 ) . The load of sick wellness from inaction is clear and the statistics farther highlight the potency for important decreases in morbidity and mortality, which could be achieved if we consistently and actively promote engagement in physical activity through the NHS ( 8 ) . Equally good as holding the potency to better the wellness of the state, advancing physical activity could besides salvage the NHS money, cut downing the load of chronic disease on the ague sector and public services ( 8 ) . Using Primary Care to advance physical activity can assist the NHS move towards lower costs, more efficient and effectual services in primary attention and cut down the demand for, and costs of, acute attention ( 7 ) . Investing in the bar docket by implanting the publicity of physical activity in NHS services has the ability to significantly cut down the fiscal load of inaction on the economic system. Allender et Al. ( 16 ) estimated that for merely five conditions, post-menopausal chest malignant neoplastic disease, lower GI malignant neoplastic disease, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, in one twelvemonth entirely, the load of physical inaction: caused over 35,000 deceases ; caused 3.1 % of morbidity and mortality in the UK added over ?1.8 billion to the direct wellness cost load on the NHS. For a pattern population of 10,000 the cost of these five conditions attributable to physical inaction norms ?50,000 per twelvemonth ( 17 ) . Adding indirect costs to the wider economic system, such as working yearss lost due to sickness and premature mortality, produces a entire measure associating to physical inaction that may be every bit high as ?8.3 billion every twelvemonth ( 17 ) .SchemeThe long term purpose of wellness publicity is to cut down morbidity and premature mortality ( 18 ) , to accomplish this intercessions are likely to be targeted towards whole populations or high hazard groups, with three degrees of bar ; Primary, aimed at forestalling the oncoming of disease ; Secondary, aimed at forestalling the patterned advance of disease ; and Tertiary, aimed at cut downing farther disablement or helping rehabilitation ( 18 ) . A cardinal purpose of this scheme is to aim intercessions at pre-school and school age kids, promoting them to be active in line with current recommendations. This will hold two effects ; foremost, by promoting kids to be more active, will be good in cut downing the prevalence of inaction related conditions in the hereafter ; and secondly, will assist to develop a civilization of taking regular physical activity. It has been shown that sedentary behaviors track from adolescence into maturity ( 19 ) and, although grounds is limited, it is believed that active kids are more likely to stay active into maturity ( 20 ) , besides when kids are taught appropriate wellness behaviors early, these are more likely to go accustomed and go on into maturity ( 21 ) . To accomplish this we must work closely with kids ‘s Centres, to guarantee that active drama forms a regular portion of their activities, and schools to guarantee that regular physical activity is incorporated into their course o f study, including activities which are non traditionally seen as school athleticss, which will besides promote the ‘Not Sporty ‘ kid to take part, activities such as Dance and Cheerleading, for illustration, have been shown to increase engagement in school based activity ( 22 ) . It is good that the National authorities have reviewed their support for the School Sports Partnership programme, which has done much to promote and advance activity in schools across the part, and we will go on to buttonhole, both locally and nationally, through Public Health England, for continued support for this programme and other programmes which will better entree to feature and activities within our schools. Many kids and immature people say that they would prefer to walk or rhythm to school ( 23 ) , and we will work with Local Education Authorities ( LEA ) and Local Governments to assist and back up schools to develop and advance active conveyance programs for both staff and students, including walking coachs, peculiarly for primary school students, which have been shown to be effectual in increasing degrees of physical activity in primary school kids ( 24 ) . But holding active conveyance programs is non sufficient to guarantee increased activity among staff and students, we besides need to guarantee the handiness of safe paths to schools, unafraid storage for rhythms and accoutrements etc. within schools and the support of parents to promote their kids to utilize active conveyance methods to acquire to and from school. To this terminal we will work with and buttonhole the Local Authority to guarantee that active conveyance is the easier pick for people to do and the LEA to guarantee s chools have the resources to supply secure storage installations. Persons diagnosed with many medical conditions may profit from increasing the sum of physical activity they do in order to forestall the patterned advance of their status. Working closely with GP ‘s these persons will be referred into activities which will assist forestall or cut down the patterned advance of their status. In many instances a first measure will be to supply information, particular to their status, about the principle for going more active and the hazards associated with non making so. As many of these people are likely to populate in countries of want ( 25, 26 ) the accent will be on advancing no-cost/low-cost activities, such as walking and cycling, which have been shown to be an appropriate method of advancing physical activity ( 1 ) . Walk is besides a suited activity for older people, every bit good as the physical benefits of improved or maintained musculus strength, joint mobility and proprioception, which can cut down falls in older grownups ( 2 ) , walk ing, peculiarly in a group, such as on a wellness walk, besides offers benefits which contribute to the societal and psychological wellbeing of persons ( 27 ) . We already have a web of wellness walks across the part, through the ‘Walking for Health ‘ programme and a figure of local groups presently provide a scope of cycling activities, including adaptative cycling, community rhythm drives and rhythm tuition. These activities will supply the back bone of our scheme but we need to guarantee they are accessible to people that need them. We will confer with with patient and support groups to guarantee that activities provided are activities of pick and are at a clip and topographic point where they can be accessed by the mark population. Many people with bing medical conditions require entree to specialised exercising proviso, aimed at cut downing farther disablement or helping rehabilitation ( 18 ) . We will look to use our bing exercising referral programme, working with qualified physical therapists and exercising professionals, from both the populace and private sectors, guaranting that patients are guided into suited activities and supported in their attempts to go more active. Activities will necessitate to be suited for Phase IV cardiac rehabilitation and/or rehabilitation from musculoskeletal hurt, among other conditions. Many of these activities already exist, through the public, private and voluntary sectors, and we will go on to work closely with suppliers to guarantee activities are suited for the referral programme, i.e. run by suitably qualified teachers and hazard assessed. Harmonizing to the 2006 Health Survey for England ( 14 ) one in four people said they would be far more active if they were advised to be so by a wellness professional. Therefore, based on the recommendations of NICE counsel ( 1 ) we will work closely with GP patterns to supply brief intercessions, based upon the â€Å" Lets Get Moving † ( LGM ) programme, for patients to assist promote them to be more physically active. This programme has been tried and tested in a figure of GP patterns in London and has been found to supply a cost effectual scheme for increasing population degrees of physical activity ( 4 ) . However, such work will be dependant on the suppliers of the brief intercession being able to signpost patients onto suited activities that they would wish to, or are willing to seek. The Change 4 Life web site has an activity hunt tool which is appropriate for this intent, although a elaborate function exercising will be required before manus, to guarantee as broad a s cope of local activities is included in the database and that information is current and correct. Although instruction entirely is improbable to hold a positive consequence on wellness behaviors, coupled with other attacks can take to the desired results. Evidence shows that old media runs to advance physical activity have been successful in raising consciousness and cognition, but non of increasing activity degrees ( 28, 29 ) , nevertheless, instruction is likely to play a cardinal function in the initial phases of many wellness publicity programmes ( 30 ) . Using societal selling techniques has been shown to be an effectual method of making difficult to make groups ( 31 ) , but instruction runs should be based upon positive messages, such as improved functional capacity or improved sleep forms, for illustration, instead than negative messages or panic tactics, which have been shown to be uneffective in arousing wellness behavior alteration ( 32 ) . The Change 4 Life programme is a national run, launched in 2009, which aims to assist persons and households to â€Å" eat good, travel more and unrecorded thirster † . We will seek to construct on the work that this programme has done, and continues to make, in advancing the benefits of an active life style. In add-on we will include physical activity information and the Change 4 Life activity hunt tool on the PCT web site and will promote our spouses, local authorization every bit good as other public, private and voluntary sector suppliers to make the same. Many administrations, such as the British Heart Foundation and Cancer UK, for illustration, bring forth a broad scope of literature on the benefits of physical activity in relation to specific wellness conditions and there is no purpose to re-invent the wheel. We do, nevertheless need to do certain that this information is made more widely available. We will therefore work closely with the local authorization libraries service, GP ‘s, tooth doctors, pharmaceuticss and supermarkets etc. to guarantee that these stuffs are available in the topographic points that people attend. We will besides set up a figure of awareness raising events across the part, supplying information and advice for the populace. These events will be specifically targeted in countries of greatest demand, i.e. countries of high want or countries where there is grounds of low consumption of physical activity, and will be held in topographic points where people congregate, i.e. supermarkets, station office, ca fe or public house for illustration. We will besides transport out media runs in partnership with local suppliers to advance specific activities at times of increased national involvement, associating into the 2012 Olympic Legacy programme, for illustration, or to bind in with other promotional events and national runs, such as National Walk 4 Life Day or National Older Person ‘s Day. Although there is limited grounds of wellness benefits of community engagement, it is suggested that persons have a better opportunity of accomplishing their ends if they participate with other people who are affected by, or portion, the same, or similar, fortunes ( 33 ) . There is good grounds to demo that authorization has the possible to bring forth improved wellness impacts, peculiarly when aiming specific community groups, such as adult females and people from deprived communities ( 34 ) . At the bosom of authorization is the construct that people can be equipped with the cognition, assurance and accomplishments to do a difference in their communities ( 35 ) . Involving members of the populace in back uping others within their ain communities to do positive wellness alterations in their lives is based on a sound apprehension of the value of life experience and community support systems that can be within vicinities ( 36, 37 ) . We will enroll people from different strands of the community and specific mark groups to go community Healthy Activity Champions. These persons will have preparation, support and counsel enabling them to transport out voluntary activities in their ain communities. However, engagement in physical activity within communities, particularly those in disadvantaged countries, is likely to be mostly dependent on the handiness and propinquity of installations and safe environments ( 38 ) . Having easy entree to safe community countries, such as resort areas or playing Fieldss, and doing local vicinities safe for out-of-door activity has a major consequence on bettering activity wonts, peculiarly among deprived populations, who by and large report lower degrees of physical activity ( 38 ) . Therefore we will work with bing community groups, particularly those in disadvantaged countries, to assist them convey about the alterations they want to see in their communities, assisting to pull support for local undertakings etc. In this we will wor k as a facilitator, non taking but back uping the community, supplying counsel and advice, as needed or requested, to enable them to accomplish their ain results, instead than those placed upon them by outside bureaus. Although, over recent old ages, there have been several authorities policies, schemes and studies either entirely aimed at, or at least integrating physical activity counsel and policy to some grade ( 7, 8, 17 ) , even the latest public wellness white paper ( 39 ) includes mention to the consequence physical activity can hold on the wellness of the state. We will go on to buttonhole, both locally, regionally and nationally, through the new Public Health England construction, for a wider consideration of physical activity in all authorities policies and schemes. We see a peculiar accent of this attack in buttonholing local authorities around the cardinal countries of local conveyance policy, to do active conveyance the easier pick, for both wellness and environmental sustainability. We will work closely with be aftering sections to guarantee that new developments incorporate programs to include safe countries for out-of-door activities and to travel off from the â€Å" No Ball Games † civilization that has developed in this state towards a civilization where we promote and encourage regular activity for all people, from cradle to sculpt.CostingFigure 2. Premises made in the preparation of declarative costing. Based on the NICE counsel ( 1 ) and the LGM feasibleness survey ( 4 ) , the undermentioned premises underlie this declarative costing. aˆ? Workforce cost premises: PCT Staff – ?25 per hr. ( Assume 20 proceedingss per patient ) aˆ? Training ; 6 PCT Staff for 3 hours ( module 1 ) – ?450.00 commissioning external preparation to present Module 2 preparation to 6 ( soap. 12 ) PCT staff – approx. ?2,500 ongoing pattern support – approx. ?200 per GP Practice per twelvemonth. aˆ? Premises ; Appraisal and brief intercession takes 15 to 20 proceedingss. Support activity following brief intercession and follow-up costs, ?5 per patient project intercession. The mean QALY gained per referral is 0.17 ( 1 ) ; ensuing from approx. 6 % of patients referred for interview accomplishing an addition in the figure of moderate activity Sessionss. Much of the work outlined by this scheme is already taking topographic point, although more attempt is needed to guarantee the success of this scheme. They key cost involved with this scheme will be for the puting up of the LGM programme and the rating procedure and declarative costs for this are given here. Areas where the PCT can anticipate to incur direct costs for puting up LGM are detailed in the programme commissioning usher ( 8 ) . Although, at this phase, elaborate costing has non been carried out for this programme, the Department of Health has provided an analysis of declarative costs ( 8 ) . However it should be noted that this economic analysis is intended to be declarative merely and will change harmonizing to the bringing methodological analysis chosen and the figure and features of the pati ents targeted ( see fig. 2 for premises made ) .Indicative set up costsCost of staff preparation: ?3,000 Selling and Promotion: ?1,000 Staff costs involved with execution: ?5,000Entire estimated set up costs: ?9,000Indicative operating costs ( based upon 500 patients per pattern per twelvemonth ) Practice staff enrolling patients, finishing GPPAQ and mentioning for brief intercession ( Assuming ?5 per patient ) ?2,500 Brief intercession carried out by PCT staff ( Assuming 20 infinitesimal audience and ?25 per hr staff cost ) ?4,167Assuming 80 % of patients undertake the intercession ( 400 patients )Cost of support activity following brief intercession and followup ( based on ?5.00 per patient ) ?2,000Entire cost per pattern for 1 twelvemonth ?8667On this footing, with 15 patterns, each averaging 10,000 patients, covering the PCT country the entire jutting one-year costs are: – Year one ( including set-up costs ) ?139,005 Year two ( including 5 % cost addition ) ?136,505Entire cost for two old ages ?275,510The cost of rating for this scheme has yet to be finalised, nevertheless counsel suggests that around 10 % of the programme cost should be allocated to the rating procedure. Therefore leting between ?25,000 and ?30,000 would be appropriate for this scheme, giving a entire programme cost of around ?300,000. Based on NICE counsel ( 1 ) the estimated cost per QALY saved is ?295, good below the suggested threshold of ?30,000 per QALY ( 8 ) .EvaluationMeasuring wellness publicity is non straightforward because it normally involves changing activities, long term aims and several spouses ( 18 ) . Health publicity argues for a holistic appraising attack, embracing qualitative research methodological analysiss, taking history of the changing contextual characteristics of many programmes ( 18 ) . The RE-AIM ( range, effectivity, acceptance, execution, care ) model ( 40 ) was developed to heighten the impact of wellness publicity intercessions by measuring the dimensions considered most relevant to real-world execution, such as the capacity to make underserved populations and to be adopted within diverse scenes ( 41 ) . The theoretical account was intended to steer planning and rating of evidence-based intercessions ( 42, 43 ) that address the different degrees of the socio-ecological theoretical account, such as those that target single wellness behavior alteration by increasing intrapersonal, organizational, and community resource support ( 44 ) ( see figure 3 for typical research inquiries ) . It has been used to measure a scope of wellness behavior alteration programmes, including physical activity, dietetic behavior, and smoke ( 45-47 ) . It is hence believed that this will be an ideal rating model for this scheme. Figure 3. RE-AIM Dimensions and Template Questions for Evaluating Health Education and Health Behaviour ResearchRE-AIM DimensionQuestionsRange( Individual Level )What per centum of potentially eligible participants a ) were excluded, B ) took portion and degree Celsius ) how representative were they?Efficacy or Effectiveness( Individual Level )What impact did the intercession have on a ) all participants who began the plan ; b ) on procedure intermediate and primary results ; and c ) on both positive and negative ( unintended ) , outcomes including quality of life?Adoption( Puting Level )What per centum of scenes and intercession agents within these scenes ( e.g. , schools/educators, medical offices/physicians ) a ) were excluded, B ) participated and degree Celsiuss ) how representative were they?Execution( Setting/agent Level )To what extent were the assorted intercession constituents delivered as intended ( in the protocol ) , particularly when conducted by different ( non-researc h ) staff members in applied scenes?Care( Individual Level )What were the long-run effects ( lower limit of 6-12 months following intercession ) ? B ) What was the abrasion rate ; were drop-outs representative ; and how did abrasion impact decisions about effectivity?Care( Puting Level )a ) To what extent were different intercession constituents continued or institutionalised? B ) How was the original plan modified? Beginning: www.re-aim.org It is import that rating of programmes, such as this, is built in from the beginning so that all involved know and acknowledge the end products and results that they are working toward ( 43 ) . We are presently working closely with local academic establishments to develop this rating procedure based upon the RE-AIM model.DecisionIt is widely accepted that physical inaction is a major subscriber to the load of ill-health that we face nationally today and that advancing and promoting an active life style is a simple, yet effectual, manner of cut downing this load for future coevalss. A behaviour alteration attack is likely to be most appropriate to increase population degrees of physical activity, and hence this is the chief attack used in this scheme. However, it must be recognised that a one size fits all scheme is improbable to be successful, hence, we have proposed a holistic attack to advancing active life styles. It should besides be recognised that many of the wellness results from schemes such as this are long term and are non likely to be realised within the life-time of the scheme. Therefore a robust rating model must be employed from the beginning so that advancement can be measured against programme end products, which grounds has shown to be effectual in accomplishing the anticipate wellness results. The RE-AIM model has been successfully used in assorted scenes, against a scope of behaviour alteration enterprises, including physical activity, hence it is ideal to be used for this scheme. Although this scheme is aimed at bettering the wellness of the population of Western Cheshire through increased activity degrees, if it is to be successful it will necessitate a conjunct attempt from the whole Public Health Department, from the Director of Public Health down, to guarantee that the scheme is accepted by all spouse administrations, both locally and nationally, peculiarly local and national authorities, to guarantee that physical activity is embedded in all policy, non merely regarded as a wellness or sport/community issue.Part 2.Behaviour ChangeThe behavior alteration attack is popular in wellness publicity because it places wellness as the belongings of the person and assumes that people can do existent betterments to their wellness by taking to do appropriate life styles alterations ( 18 ) . Although behaviour alteration programmes tend to be an expert led, exceed down attack ( 18 ) , this scheme proposes a client led, bottom up attack. The programme is based on the healthcare professional supplying a brief intercession with persons, identified as person who would profit from increased activity. The procedure of behavior alteration is simply facilitated by the healthcare professional, through the proviso of appropriate information and advice particular to the person in the initial phase of the procedure. Then steering and back uping them, utilizing motivational interviewing techniques, instead than taking, through the behaviour alteration procedure. Critical to the bringing of these brief intercessions is the manner they are implemented. Nice counsel on behavior alteration intercessions delivered to persons recommends that practicians select intercessions that will actuate and back up patients to believe about the effects of their current behavior, see the positive effects of altering and program for alteration in little stairss ( 48 ) . NICE Public Health Guidance ( 1 ) recommends ; â€Å" Primary attention practicians should take the chance, whenever possible, to place inactive grownups and rede them to take for 30 proceedingss of moderate activity on 5 yearss of the hebdomad ( or more ) . They should utilize their opinion to find when this would be inappropriate ( for illustration, because of medical conditions or personal fortunes ) . They should utilize a validated tool, such as the Department of Health ‘s general practician physical activity questionnaire ( GPPAQ ) , to place inactive persons. When supplying physical activity advice, primary attention practicians should take into history the person ‘s demands, penchants and fortunes. They should hold ends with them. They should besides supply written information about the benefits of activity and the local chances to be active. They should follow them up at appropriate intervals over a 3 to 6 month period. † Brief intercessions have become the intercession of pick for many wellness publicity runs ( 18 ) and are by and large based upon the transtheoretical, or phases of alteration, theoretical account of behavioral alteration and, on occasion, the theory of self-government ( 49 ) . The transtheoretical theoretical account was foremost proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982 ( 50 ) , taking history of concepts from several theories from the field of psychological science, such as the theory of reasoned action ( 51 ) , and theory of planned behavior ( 52 ) . Sniehotta suggests that while these theories advanced apprehension of motive with respect to behaviour alteration they made small part to the scientific discipline of behavior alteration because they did non include a agencies for altering behavior or did non account for non-motivational behavior alteration techniques ( 53 ) . The construct of phases of alteration emerged during research into the procedures that persons use to alte r their troubled behavior ( 50 ) but the theoretical account has since been successfully used for many wellness behaviors change intercessions, including smoke ( 54, 55 ) , intoxicant ( 56, 57 ) , dietetic ( 58 ) , every bit good as physical activity ( 49 ) . A recent reappraisal indicated that motivational interviewing, based upon a ‘stages of alteration ‘ theoretical account, efficaciously helps clients to positively alter their behavior and exceeded results of advice merely intercessions in 80 % of the surveies included in the reappraisal ( 59 ) . The writers of the reappraisal farther suggest that, although some alterations may non be clinically important, it was of import to maintain in head that the procedure is based upon doing the patients cognizant of the potency for behavior alteration ensuing in improved wellness results and that the little alterations made within the period of survey may besides be of long term involvement if they mark the beginning of a long term procedure of alteration for the person ( 59 ) . The Lets Get Moving attack is a behaviour alteration intercession that has been designed to supply a systematic attack to placing and back uping grownups who are non run intoing the current recommendations for physical activity to go more active ( 8 ) . The attack is based upon NICE Public Health Guidance ( 1 ) , which endorses the usage of brief intercessions for physical activity publicity in primary attention as being both clinically and be effectual in the long term. The programme draws upon motivational questioning techniques to foreground the wellness benefits of physical activity, working through cardinal behaviors alteration phases and reasoning with a clear physical activity end, which is set by the person, and the designation of suited local chances to be active, including exercising referral, if appropriate ( 8 ) . Motivational interviewing is a patient centred attack, which fits in with the current authorities mantra â€Å" No determination about me, without me † . The procedure aims to arouse and beef up an persons intrinsic motive to alter lifestyle behaviors ( 8 ) and has been used by a assortment of health care professionals, across a scope of primary attention scenes, to present improved wellness results ( 60 ) . The active constituents of motivational interviewing are increasing preparedness to alter, utilizing empathetic listening techniques, increasing self-efficacy and increasing the sensed disagreement between existent and ideal behavior ( 61 ) . A recent reappraisal has shown that motivational interviewing in primary attention can hold a positive consequence on a scope of wellness behaviors, including diet and physical activity ( 62 ) . The construct of motivational questioning evolved from the experience of handling alcohol addiction, and was foremost described by Miller in 1983 ( 63 ) . This basic experience was developed into a coherent theory, and a elaborate description of the clinical process was provided by Miller and Rollnick ( 64 ) , who defined motivational interviewing as a ‘directive, client centred counselling manner for arousing behaviour alteration by assisting clients to research and decide ambivalency ‘ . The schemes of motivational interviewing are more persuasive than coercive, more supportive than argumentative, and the overall end is to increase the client ‘s intrinsic motive so that alteration arises from within instead than being imposed from without ( 65 ) . The motivational interviewing manner is a collaborative method utilizing distinguishable rules and techniques, while utilizing client centred techniques to construct trust and cut down opposition, the supplier focuses di rectively on increasing preparedness for alteration ( 61 ) . Reappraisals of physical activity intercessions have identified the scene of general pattern as a potentially effectual scene for population degree of physical activity publicity schemes ( 66, 67 ) . A written prescription is a familiar manner for patients to have advice from their GP, normally in the signifier of medicine ( 68 ) , and research has shown that supplying patients with a written prescription to take more exercising has been effectual, at least in the short term ( 6 to 10 hebdomads ) ( 69-71 ) . However grounds suggests that long term attachment to exert programmes may necessitate multiple contacts with the wellness professional and that GP ‘s, in peculiar, have expressed concern about deficiency of clip, assurance or skill to present separately tailored exercising advice ( 68 ) . It is suggested that one manner of get the better ofing these barriers is for other allied wellness professionals to supply the brief intercession following designation of suited campaign ers by the GP or pattern nurse ( 66, 69, 72 ) utilizing a validated tool, such as GPPAQ, to measure current activity degrees ( 1 ) . This is the attack proposed in this scheme, using allied wellness workers, such as wellness trainers, for illustration, appropriately trained to present the initial brief intercession and motivational interview audiences, following on from the referral by the healthcare professional, either at the GP pattern or in a separate location. Promoting physical activity in primary attention is recognised as an of import and potentially effectual attack for increasing population degrees of physical activity ( 1, 73, 74 ) . With assorted attacks being tried over recent old ages, including giving advice or guidance ( 75, 76 ) , supplying written resources ( advice brochures etc. ) ( 71 ) and exercise referral programmes ( 1, 77 ) . There is an increasing sum of grounds for the impact of wellness professionals promoting physical activity within primary attention ( 78 ) . A recent Australian survey suggests that merely three to five proceedingss of brief advice from a General Practitioner, supported with appropriate written stuffs, could take to an addition in the proportion of patients run intoing recommended degrees of physical activity 24 hebdomads after the intercession ( 68 ) . Similarly a survey on the effects of three brief intercession and reding attacks conducted by pattern nurses on patients with hazard factors assoc iating to cardiovascular disease besides showed a important addition in reported activity degrees four months after the intercession ( 75 ) . In 2009 the Department for Health launched the ‘Be Active, Be Healthy ‘ policy which proposed the phased airing of the ‘Lets Get Traveling ‘ programme, and the new authorities public wellness white paper ( 39 ) endorses the programme within the new public wellness construction.DecisionBehaviour alteration intercessions are by and large seen as one of the most appropriate attack to increasing population degrees of physical activity and, among these, brief intercessions appear to be a popular pick among wellness publicity staff. Evidence suggests that the add-on of motivational interview techniques to the intercession has served to increase the effectivity of these intercessions in a assortment of wellness publicity scenes. The usage of the ‘Lets Get Traveling ‘ protocol for increasing activity degrees has bee n tried and tested and found to be both clinically and be effectual in a primary attention scene and is hence seen to be an appropriate attack to utilize for this scheme. This attack was endorsed by the old Labour authorities and this support has been re-iterated by the current Lib Dem/Conservative alliance authorities in the latest public wellness white paper and back uping paperss.

Two Theories of Literacy Development

In this task I am going to identify 2 different theories of language development I am going to be doing, Naom Chomsky and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget According to Piaget, language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size.In Piaget’s view, children learn to talk ‘naturally’ when they are ‘ready’ without any deliberate teaching by adults he thinks children pick up language by repeated behavior. From doing his research into children’s language and how they think, Piaget put his theory on the idea that children do not think like adults he thought that they learnt through schemas which is repeatable behaviour which you see in children as they play and then Piaget t hought that through their play and interactions with their surroundings children build up their own understanding of the world.And Piaget thinks language development comes from logical thinking and reasoning skills. Schemas Schemas are patterns of repeatable behaviour which you might see children do everyday through play and on placements I have seen children do things on placements. Schema: Transporting I have seen most children when I’ve been at placement doing this e. g. when they carry blocks from one place to another either in a bag or trolley or when they take sane from the sand tray to the sensory area this is transporting. Rotation this is when children are fascinated by things spinning e. . the washing machine or anything with wheels they like rolling things down a hill and children enjoy spinning around or being swung around. An example of how children could learn language though schemas could be, if a chid is rolling or pushing a toy car along the floor. And it goe s under the sofa they will say something like ‘oh or its gone’ only as they do it more and more and they have influence through the environment they will become more advance in there language and later on the child will be ale to identify that its gone under the sofa.Piaget thinks children pass through 4 distinct stages: sensory motor, pre-operational; concrete operational; formal operational. Sensory-Motor Period According to Piaget’s theory he thinks children are born with basic ‘action schemas’ such as sucking and grasping. The sensory-motor period starts from birth to 2 years. This is when the children are doing their basic action schemas to take in information about the world. Piaget describes two functions of children's language: the â€Å"egocentric† and the â€Å"socialized. During the sensory-motor period, children's language is â€Å"egocentric†: they talk either for themselves or â€Å"for the pleasure of associating anyone who happens to be there with the activity of the moment. † This stage involves the use of motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge is limited in this stage, because it is based on physical interactions and experiences. Infants cannot predict reaction, and therefore must constantly experiment and learn through trial and error. Such exploration might include shaking a rattle or putting objects in the mouth. As they become more mobile, infants' ability to develop cognitively increases.Early language development begins during this stage. Children show that they know objects are still the when they can’t see them at 7-9 months, demonstrating that memory is developing. Infants realize that an object exists after it can no longer be seen. The pre-operational stage usually occurs between toddlerhood (18-24months) and early childhood (7 years). During this stage children begin to use language; memory and imagination also develop. In the pre-operational stage, childr en engage in make believe and can understand and express relationships between the past and the future.More complex concepts, such as cause and effect relationships, have not been learned. Intelligence is egocentric and spontaneous, not logical. The Concrete Operations Stage, this stage was believed to have affected children aged between seven and eleven to twelve years old. During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and ‘adult like', or more ‘operational', although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Piaget claims that before the beginning of this stage, children's ideas about different objects, are ormed and dominated by the appearance of the object. For example, there appears to be more blocks when they are spread out, than when they are in a small pile. During the Concrete Operational Stage, children gradually develop the ability to ‘conserve', or learn that objects are not always the way that they appear to be. This occurs when children are able to take in many different aspects of an object, simply through looking at it. Children are able to begin to imagine different scenarios, or ‘what if' something was to happen. This is because they now have more ‘operational' thought.Children are generally first able to conserve ideas about objects with which they are most comfortable. Once children have learnt to conserve, they learn about ‘reversibility'. This means that they learn that if things are changed, they will still be the same as they used to be. For example, they learn that if they spread out the pile of blocks, there are still as many there as before, even though it looks different! Formal Operations Stage (11yrs-16yrs) Finally, in the formal operational stage of adolescence, When faced with a complex problem, the adolescent things about all possible solutions before trying them out in the real world.So when the child has passed through these stages Piaget thinks t hey are ready for the world and they will be able to sort things out throughout their life. Noam Chomsky Chomsky believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human language. He claims that certain language structures which children use so accurately must be already engraved on the child’s mind. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which stores children’s language and structures for them to use and expand using their growing vocabulary.Chomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. Chomsky’s theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and children appear to be ‘hard-wired’ to acquire the grammar. Every language is extremely complex, often with subtle distinctions which even native speakers are unaware of.However, all children, regardless of their intellectual ability, become fluent in their native language within five or six years. Chomsky thinks children learn language quickly and easily, and he thinks language is natural. All babies babble the same sounds, deaf babble. I’ve notice children at my placement make grammar mistakes and example would be, a child fell over in the playground and they said ‘I fellded down’ instead of saying ‘I feel down’ so Chomsky thinks children learn this themselves and we influence it as they get older because they listen to what we say and then we would say ‘oh have a fell down’.So by use saying it the correct way were hoping that the child them remembers this. Evaluation: Both Piaget and Chomsky believe that language is just something that children are born with and that it’s not through nurturing them but they believe that nurturing wil l help bring on their language and support it. Piaget thinks language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking controls when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say.For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size. Whereas Chomsky just thinks children will pick up the language but he believe it’s get influenced but people around but he think vocabulary has to be learned and that grammar is influenced by interaction. Chomsky he thinks children are born with all that is needed to produce language, but Piaget thinks parents and carers reinforce and therefore shape children’s language.

A short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A short story - Essay Example Nobody took Professor X’s effort seriously dismissing that the Professor has been chasing a pipe dream of looking for something that does not exist. A wasted genius they say. But still, Professor X continued beaming his signals into the outer space. Then suddenly, a response. Professor X was ecstatic, he himself cannot believe that his radio transmission were returned. For the first time in the history of science, a contact was made with an intelligent creature light years away. Through the help of a team of expert of linguists, Professor X’s team were able to understand the language of the alien. The creature’s name was Apex. He was a male and an astronaut from the Planet Gaul of the Lunar System Ephsus who just like Professor X, has also been scouring through the stars for a possible contact with an intelligent being. They are as excited to have made a contact from another planet just as the people of the Earth. After months of exchanges of information about each other’s planet and civilization, it was finally decided that an official meet up and physical contact should be made. Earth does not have the technology yet to visit Planet Gaul so it was agreed that it will be Apex’s team who would be visiting the Earth. According to Professor X’s estimate, the aliens will be arriving on earth six months from now. Necessary preparations were made for the arrival of Apex’s party. All honors were conferred to Professor X who rose to sudden popularity due to his recent contact with an extra terrestrial being. He also received unlimited funding from the United Nation’s for his research and was made in-charge of the receiving party since it was only Professor X who was privy in communicating with Apex’s party. The day arrived. Apex made an excited announcement that his ship has already landed in the designated landing field which Dr. X prepared for Apex’s arrival. Yet Dr. X cannot find the ship. He asked for

The Power of Illusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Illusion - Essay Example ification that took place literally wiped the poor deprived colored classes from the faces of cities; thereby making room for the whites to flourish without hindrance. The process has been extremely dreadful, and the fact that there were actually laws implemented for the purpose of sustaining segregation of races makes it further ugly. The improvement in the living conditions of people of color appears to be the result of their own efforts; the whites still being reluctant to accept the colored races. Although, America claims to be a land where assimilation of foreigners is a norm; the reality is yet contrary to this claim. Foreigners were and still are invited from around the world to get settled in the American land; however the sociopolitical system of the country makes it impossible for them to be part of the society completely. There always persists a sharp line of demarcation between a local and the imported foreigner; the primary purpose of whose existence is to serve the local whites, willingly or

Team dynamics and gender ( management and organizational behavior) Assignment

Team dynamics and gender ( management and organizational behavior) - Assignment Example Annotated Bibliography Emerald Group. (2003). Dealing With the Dynamics of Gender. How Men and Women Cope With Criticism. Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol. 11(3). Pp. 24-26. This article discusses the gender that is dominating more workplaces and how work teams are made. It also talks about how the teams can be made to perform more successfully, the function of each team player and the aspects that affect the performance of a team in a project. It goes further to explaining what makes the team players behave differently, given that they are of different sexual category. As explained, so many issues affect how the team works. One of them is how the results of a certain project are returned by the team, to influence the outcome of another one. Teams that take action to feedback are likely to be more successful that those that do not respond to feedback. However, the research made so far have not been able to identify which gender is likely to respond more to negative feedback. Likewise, the article explains the manners of both male and female are affected by how they were raised up since their childhood and these remain in-built even at their adult-hood. Where male children are normally taught to be social and determined to reach their ambitions while young females were encouraged to be passionate and introverts. Therefore, men tend to explore their skills, emphasize and communicate a lot more in teamwork than women. Women are used to be submissive and avoid being bold while men are used to be self-confident and challenging, and are easily manipulated. Hence, male is prompt to take part in, authorize and be developing leaders than women. Furthermore, investigations show that men tend to believe that reduction of the input energy is triggered off by resentment instead of surveyors’ actual inspiration to lend a hand. Therefore, a group led by women is more prone to respond to negative feedback than the one being controlled by men. In addit ion to that, the project that the team works on also affects the groups’ reaction to negative feedback. The article explains that individual confidence also contributes to the feedback one receives. That is, if a person has self-confidence when doing an assignment, then the individual is less expected to get a negative feedback. Therefore, teams made up of people who are experts on the assignment been done are unlikely to respond to negative feedback. Therefore, men being self-confident are prone to respond less to negative feedback than women are. Moreover, the response to decline of input energy is also determined by what the group members pick out to be the source. This view influences the change of the teams’ behavior because of the feedback. In those teams dominated by experts, external factors such as the uniqueness of the task and fate are accountable; therefore, the team does not blame itself for putting into practice the proposals they made in the feedback. Th erefore, when male work out on jobs that they are used to, they blame external sources like fate and nature of the job for negative feedback. Similarly, when women work on assignments they are used to doing, they are prone to respond to negative feedback. However, when males work on assignments that are female-oriented, they are likely to put the blame on issues rooted to the group hence respond to negati

Apple's Entry into the Mobile Phone Market Essay

Apple's Entry into the Mobile Phone Market - Essay Example The Apple phone was launched on the 29th of June, 2007 by Apple Inc and a higher version of the same model made its way into the hearts and minds of the consumers during July, 2008 amid widespread media coverage the world over. In 2007, it sold between 500,000 and 1 million phones within two days of its launch. (Srinivas, 2008) In terms of the model that has been used for the Apple phone for the development of a relevant marketing plan and strategy, we will study the International Market Entry Mode Strategy that this company has used. This strategy is ideal for those companies that wish to diversify geographically. (Walter et al, 1988) This strategy along with others that have to do with market segmentation and brand positioning for maximum customer satisfaction will be used in order to evolve a strategy that is best suited for the purpose of an entry level product in a market as diverse as that of the global market. (Srinivas, 2008) The first element when entering a new market is the risk factor. For the Apple phone there has been a strategic management of risk through a change of location as well as the launch of personalised and online services. There, is a need to now focus on changing passive international sales into hardcore business. It is important to capitalise on the opportunities by undertaking risks so as to achieve organisational growth. Therefore, once the entry level mode is applied to this situation, there will be a concerted effort towards arriving at decisions that have to do with control, risk and commitment as demonstrated in the diagram below: To deal with the risk factor at an entry level, this diagram shows that the commitment level was set high so as to start by catering to consumer satisfaction. With effective segmentation, it will be easy to find out the areas of investment so as to find an appropriate positioning on the scale where exports start. (Walter et al, 1988) Therefore, a good entry level

Summary of the material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of the material - Essay Example The article points out that pollution is a phenomenon that can bring about great havoc to the environment and ill health to the future generations if it is not mitigated at present. It brings about into light the connection between policies that improve the overall conditions of the environment and those that prevent probable health risks. For this reason, the article epitomizes the model economy. The model economy provides for people to be insured with the notion that pollution will bring about future problems in terms of health (Wang, Zhao, and Bhattacharya). This means that with the increased pollution at present, there is a great possibility that a myriad of health problems will develop. According to the article, the provision of private companies to provide insurance for the anticipated health risks will boost the economy in the sense that taxes will come about from this initiative (Wang, Zhao, and Bhattacharya). Economics plays a major role in this subject matter. It is important to note that environmental policies are aimed to bring about sustainable environmental practices. In the recent economies, people have come to perceive the importance of bringing about green economies. Valuing the environment has not only been able to raise important revenue to governments but also bring about proper conservation and management of our environments. Curbing pollution will not only ensure that the environment is clean but also bring about monetary benefits to the government. The insurance companies will also indirectly aid in ensuring that revenue is raised while bringing about sustainability of the economy. From the article, we can distinctly see the role of environmental economics in maintaining a clean environment and healthy living. The article educates readers on the need of taking insurance cover especially with the increasing industrialization that poses

What role has the human rights act 1998 had on shaping police decision Essay - 2

What role has the human rights act 1998 had on shaping police decision making - Essay Example The rights normally includes right to liberty, right to fair trial and the exclusion against the prevailing suffering and slavery have been incorporated into the law. The Human Rights Acts classifies these underlying rights by placing them into a reachable framework. Human rights law developed some concepts and principles, which are diverse from corresponding customary lawful principles. The police service has more varied work force, in an increasing variety of new roles (Hafner-Burton, 2013, pp231-9). Police service has established strong culture of concentrating on results and a range of methods and controls. Police service made significant progress in providing real developments in equality and diversity. It remains dedicated to provide services that respond to the requirements of different communities and protecting them from harm and threat. The police service recognized that equality, diversity and human rights are central to giving admirable public services. Human Rights Act a ided daily work of officers in enforcing the law. Proportionality in regard to Principles of human rights ought to be unbiased in order to attain a balance between the wants of a society and the rights of a person. Qualified rights can restricted in a proportional way (Wilford, 2001, pp112-167). Action is equivalent in case it is suitable but not extreme in the conditions. For example, if a maintenance home decides to connect CCTV in the bedchambers of all residents normally interfere with residents’ right to an individual existence beneath the prevailing Article 8 ECHR. Qualified rights mean can be interfered with under definite situations and explicit reason and encompasses right to freedom beneath article 5. An individual can be detained by the government due to numerous legal reasons. For example, sentence in prison due to persuasion or corresponding

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract Assignment - 5

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract - Assignment Example Acceptance: This is the second step of formulating a contract. After the offer is being made by the service provider – both bidder and the service provider need to come to a common ground and accept each other’s offer then only a contract can be formulated. Consideration: Consideration is another key element of a valid contract. It can be regarded as the mutual consent between the parties or in the contract. It is expected from both the parties that certain special aspects would be considered in the contract to make it strong. There are many types of contracts that can be entered in the UK. There are four types of contracts that can be entered in the UK (Elliott & Quinn, 2007). All the four types of contracts are important and impactful in any business. Verbal Contract: As the name suggests this contract is a contract that is expressed in words. This contract is in contrast to other contracts, which is implied by the actions of the parties. There are two ways by which it can be implied – one is implied in fact and the other one is implied in law. A verbal contract is a frequently misused expression. Written Contract: This is another form of contract that is suggested by the court of law in the UK. This is the most commonly used form of contract and known to be more impactful compared to other types of contracts as all the clauses for the business are well written, understood and signed by the parties of the business. Online Contract: The online contract is nothing but the contract formation and shared via email or website. In this type of contract, the sign is made electronically. This form of contract saves both time and money for the parties in the contract.

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Accounting - Essay Example However, a name change could potentially alert customers and suppliers to new ownership and increased vitality and momentum at the company. In particular, the well-known name (Pinessi) has its own marketing benefits. But are these benefits really worth change the name? This seems unlikely thus great benefits will still be realised by retaining MCS Mining Supplies name and launching a new but limited marketing campaign alerting the industry to the new joint venture between well-known players in domestic mining. MCS Mining Supplies leads the mining supplies industry in Australia. We produce drill products that suit a wide range of customers, from high volume, low cost orders to unique, custom drill apparatus. MCS is staffed by highly skilled designers, machinists and technicians who produce drill custom pieces order, ahead of deadline and bulk orders with consistency and reliability. We maintain manufacturing plants at two sites in Western Australia, Perth and Kalgoorlie, and in Mount Macarthur in Queensland. MCS supplies 40% of the domestic market while we are expanding into the rapidly developing East Asian market, building our brand which is recognized for quality, capacity and reliability. We aim to grow our construction industry market share both at home and abroad. Both our Korean chapter and new projects in China serve the Chinese market, which is the largest in the world. We are also expanding our product line and developing related products specifically for the oil industry. At MCS we pride ourselves on maintaining our core vision of service and stability while quickly leveraging new technologies and opportunities. China’s phenomenal economic growth has been among the worlds’ biggest success stories since the reforms of Deng Xiou Ping in the 1980’s. Just a few years earlier, China was in the throes of Mao’s cultural revolution, which decimated entire industries, halted

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay Both Lamb to the Slaughter and The Speckled Band share some of the characteristics of murder mysteries. Explain the similarities and differences between the two stories and say which story you think is more compelling to read. T he Speckled Band was written in 1892 during Queen Victorias reign over Britain. At the time the aristocratic society was paranoid about crime and rumours and myths about murderers such as Jack the Ripper did not help. The squalid chaos of a city (London) that hadnt changed much since Tudor times, with its dark narrow alleyways and badly lit streets created a haven for murderers, rapists, prostitutes and petty thieves. The arrival of a super sleuth character was obviously going to appeal to the literary clique. Sherlock Holmes was the solution to all their problems although in reality the Police Force was failing badly. In contrast Lamb to the Slaughter was written in a completely different era post-war, Elizabethan Britain, a period where attitudes and the Police Force had developed considerably from Conan Doyles Victorian London. The nations feeling had changed and had become more tolerant of women and including them more in a previously male world. However, the perfect housewife was still many womens idea of life. This is reflected in Mary Maloney, the stay at home idealistic wife and her devotion to her husband who, does not return this and wants to leave her for another woman. In The Speckled Band the mood is of heightened tension and curiosity as Dr Watsons daily routine is interrupted by the arrival of Miss Stoner, the stepdaughter of Dr Grimesby Roylott of Stoke Moran. She tells them of the demise of her sister Julia, the low whistle, the gypsies and the wild animals that the Doctor keeps. Holmes then receives a visit from Dr Roylott who threatens Holmes and Watson not to meddle in my affairs. Holmes and Watson then immediately travel to Stoke Moran, heedless of the Doctors warning, and go to see Miss Stoner in the family home. When they arrive, Holmes tells Miss Stoner about Dr Roylotts visit: good heavens he is so cunning that I never know when I am safe from him and they go and explore the manor. They learn that Miss Stoner is now sleeping When they are in Miss Helen Stoners room, Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson find no reason for her to be moved out of her room. Whilst in Miss Julia Stoners room, there Holmes finds clues as to the cause of her death but does not tell Watson or Miss Stoner what he thinks. Holmes then tells Miss Stoner to spend the night in the local Inn while he and Dr Watson try to catch Dr Roylott. When Dr Roylott sets the Swamp Adder through the ventilator and down the bell rope Holmes beats it back and it bites Dr Roylott killing him. Lamb to the Slaughter is very different as the atmosphere is relaxed and contented with the six-month pregnant Mary Maloney waiting patiently for her husband to come home. She is sewing and has a whiskey and soda ready for Patrick Maloneys homecoming and all of this amounts to the feeling of peace. In Lamb to the Slaughter Mary Maloney, Patrick Maloneys wife, is waiting for him to come home from work. He tells her that he wants to leave her for another woman, she then goes to make dinner and pulls out a leg of lamb. Mary Maloney then hits her husband with the lamb and kills him. She then goes down to the grocers to give herself an alibi. She then comes home and rings the Police who conduct the investigation but end up eating the evidence: the leg of lamb. However some of the ways that Roald Dahl uses to describe Mary Maloney act as a warning as to what might happen: curiously tranquil this suggests that there is something odd about her as being tranquil is not normally tranquil. Also, there was a slow smiling air about her this has mysterious connotations and implies that there is something more to Mary Maloney than the reader first thinks. Dr Roylott is a very violent and psychotic character who has heated fits of rage: Dont you dare to meddle with my affairs I am a dangerous man to fall foul of . He is a physically huge man who uses intimidation to force people to do things. When Dr Roylott hears of Miss Helen Stoners proposed marriage, she suddenly dies, this indicates that because his late wife (and the girls mother) left them money to be given to them when they got married. Dr Roylott is on a very small income and if the girls got married then he would be broke. Also he is a huge broad man who is very strong and capable of bending Holmes iron poker. Conan Doyle makes it very obvious from the start that Dr Roylott is capable of murder and our suspicions are correct, he is the only character in the story who would murder. Dr Roylott is not successful because although he manages to kill Julia Stoner but before he can dispose of Helen Stoner Sherlock Holmes solves the case and accidentally kills Dr Roylott. Dr Roylott is not very believable in this day and age because the Victorians view of a murderer was a shifty looking character either very small and rat like or large and vicious. However nowadays we know that murderers can be anyone. Because of the Victorians etiquette rules and views, a female killer in Conan Doyles books would have caused a stir. However in Lamb to the Slaughter women were allowed a much freer role and so the idea of them becoming murderers was accepted by the readers. In both of the stories the villains (Dr Roylott and Mary Maloney) control the people around them, Dr Roylott controls people by threatening them with physical violence whereas Mary Maloney uses subtle emotional actions to convince the Police that shes innocent.

Money Is the Root of Evil Essay Example for Free

Money Is the Root of Evil Essay Money is the root of evil It could be said that money is one of the greatest inventions of mankind, which affects and changes wide and deep whole human society. It occurred when people had demand to exchange merchandise. Together with the process of development of society, money changed from too simple to complex and sophisticated forms to meet people’s needs in settlement. In its dawn, money was very simple things such as shells, fur and salt etc. When metal was discovered; iron, bronze, silver and gold were used in turn as the role of money. And now, we can use coins, note, card, and check and letter of credit etc. to buy goods in supermarket, pay water, electricity bills or even to settle imports. Money – even of its forms – this is a general parity object, does the role as means in settlement of merchandise and services. Doing the role of intermediary instrument in settlement, money contributes to the development of human society quickly in two aspects: economy and culture. As we know, money made exchange of goods more quickly and conveniently than any direct exchange way; since then trading industry came out into society and developed. In cultural aspect, the most typical features of an ethnic group or a nation will be chosen to make signs on money so by regarding money; we can see the basic features of an ethnic group or a nation. Specially, in our global time, money can be moved very easily between almost nations, it makes cultural exchange more advantageous. How do people think about money? There is a truth that many people value money too high, they think money is all and believe that â€Å"money is a passport to anything†. So they can do anything, even immoral and illegal things in order to have money. Robbers are ready to kill others cruelly for some tens of thousands of dong. Traders are ready to cheat in commerce to appropriate more money. Officials, who have large power and influence on society, themselves trample on their honor, others’ interests, their nation’s future etc. to take dirty money. With those evil acts, they make people believe that money is a cause of evil. Although there are many bad acts related to money; I always think that money couldn’t be the root of evil, money is just a victim of some people’s greed. Some people, with cruel and greedy character, did anything to have money; but is it true that their purpose is only about money? No, I don’t think so. I believe that their last aim is about things money can bring to them. So the deep reason of evil in society is cruelty and greed. It means people must bear full responsibility for their evil and they can’t blame anyone or anything. Until now, money is just a means in settlement.

The Case Of Ocean Park, Hong Kong

The Case Of Ocean Park, Hong Kong Ocean Park was opened on 10 January 1977 by the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose. It took HK$150 million, which was funded by The Hong Kong Jockey Club and the Hong Kong Government, to be built. Between 1982 and 1984, The Hong Kong Jockey Club gave a further HK$240 million to develop the facilities at Tai Shue Wan and thrill rides at the Summit. The Hong Kong Jockey Club stopped subsidizing Ocean Park on 1 July 1987 Ocean Park became its own statutory body, with a Government-appointed Board. The Hong Kong Jockey Club established a HK$200 million trust to ensure the Parks continued development. At present, Ocean Park is managed by the Ocean Park Corporation, a financially-independent, not-for-profit organisation. Background of Ocean Park Hong Kong In Hong Kong, there are two theme parks which are most popular and visitors should visit if they come to Hong Kong. They are Ocean Park and Hong Kong Disneyland. In this essay, we will mainly focus on discussing Ocean Park. Ocean Park Hong Kong (à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã…҉۪), commonly known as Ocean Park, is an animal theme park, situated in Wong Chuk Hang and Nam Long Shan in the Southern District of Hong Kong. It is founded in 1977 by the Governor of Hong Kong Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park has now got about 35 attractions and rides. The park has won several awards, including The Worlds Seventh Most Popular Amusement Park and the 33rd Most Visited Tourist Attractions in the World by Forbes. In year 2007/2008, Ocean Park had 5.03 million visitors. It was awarded the worlds number 15 theme parks. It has the annual attendance ahead of rival Hong Kong Disneylands 4.5 million visitors. Covering an area of 870,000 square meters of land, the park is separated by a large mountain into two areas, The Summit (Headland) and The Waterfront (Lowland) respectively. The two areas can be reached by a 1.5 km long cable car system, a shuttle bus, or the Ocean Express (train). As the Headland consists of several hills, visitors can also take the worlds second longest outdoor escalator to go from one side of the mountain to the other side.. The theme park now has 19 rides, including two roller coasters. It also consists of 11 animal exhibits, such as a Giant panda habitat, a jelly fish and Chinese sturgeon aquarium, as well as a four-story aquarium showing more than 2,000 fish. Besides being an amusement park, Ocean Park also operates observatories, well-developed laboratories, an education department and a Whales and Dolphins Fund. Ocean Park Hong Kong was the first institution in the world to have success in artificial insemination of bottlenose dolphins, and developed numerous new breeds of goldfish. In September 2007, Ocean Park Hong Kong increased its ticket prices by 12% and 14% to take advantage of the Golden Week Holidays. In July 2009, Ocean Park Hong Kong announced that they would increase their ticket prices again by 20% and 25%. Attractions park of ocean park Hong Kong Headlines Rides (à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½) Lowland Gardens (à §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã…҉۪) Whiskers Harbor (à ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °) Tai Shu Wan Entrance (à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £) Theatre Shows A statement of the problem or critical issues for the study A statement of the problem or critical issues for the Ocean Park opened over 28 years. Allan Zeman, a person who changed the destiny of Ocean Park, was the Chairman since 2004. Before Allan Zeman joined Ocean Park, the Park was only matched the break-even point of their revenue. It is because the facilities are getting old and no new games built in the Park. The Park only maintains all the common facilities like Cable Car, Ocean Theatre, Pacific Pier, Atoll Reef, Whiskers Theater, etc. All the shows are old and not interesting to old visitors at all. After Allan Zeman becoming the Chairman of the Ocean Park, he introduced lots of new element to the Park. The most popular is the Sea Jelly Spectacular, Giant Panda Adventure, The HKJC Giant Panda Habitat and Chinese Sturgeon Aquarium. The Government of Mainland China gives the Chinese Sturgeon and pandas to the Ocean Park which shows friendship between China and Hong Kong. It attracts lots of visitors to visit the Park because of the rare species of animals. Ocean Park target customers have a wider range than the Hong Kong Disneyland. It is because the games are more excited than those in the Hong Kong Disneyland. For example, the Abyss Turbo Drop and Mine Train are too scary if children play. Allan Zeman introduced these games most likely attracting teenagers over 15. On the other hand, families which have elderly and children are also significant in his project. The SkyFair, Giant Panda Adventure, Goldfish Treasures, Emperors of the Sky and lots of shows are provided to the families to visit. Children can learn from the shows and the boards in the aquarium or the show rooms to know more knowledge outside classrooms. Ocean Park started the Ocean Park Academy Hong Kong for students to learn in nature. Students can feed parrots or dolphins in the lessons. Also, Ocean Park will provide their staff as tour guide to lead students to visit the aquarium and show rooms in order to provide an interesting learning environment to them. They provide at least five courses to difference classes of students from kindergarten to secondary school. Each level gives students different ways to learn the nature, for example, games, bring students to observe the animals, fish, sea lions, seals and pandas, etc and role play and so forth. Ocean Express commenced in the early 2010. It provides a new way and faster way to travel between the Ocean Parks Waterfront to the excitement at the Summit. It eases the burden of Cable Car. It can bring 5,000 people per hour in each direction between two main lands in Ocean Park within 3 minutes. It saves the traveling time for visitors and let them have more time to play in the Park. The Ocean Express designed like a submarine and offers a vivid experience that simulates a journey through the oceans depths. It carries through the idea of people in the ocean. On the other hand, some elderly or people may afraid of riding cable cars as they have acrophobia. The commencement of Ocean Express is a good choice for them that travel between two main lands in the Park. It targets all ranges of their customers. Since Allan Zeman joined the Ocean Park, he raised lots of themes to the Park in difference seasons to satisfy kids and big kids wants. In summer, Ocean Park set up a temporary water war game site to kids and big kids. Kids can play in a small playground with water and slides. Big kids can bring water guns which provided by the Park to have an exciting water war game in a safe temporary site. It is not only cooling down in the hot summer, but also giving a good place for families and friends to play something that they cannot easily find in Hong Kong. One of the most successful projects brought out by Allan Zeman is Halloween. This event attracts at least 50% more visitors to the Park every year at that period. Most of them are teenagers and big kids. The level of scary in Ocean Park is much higher then the Hong Kong Disneyland and therefore it becomes famous to teenagers and big kids. Lots of foreign visitors come to visit Ocean Park in Halloween as they are attracted by the level o f scary and the mood of this funny and horrifying festival. In Christmas, Ocean Park injects another theme which is called Ocean Park Christmas Sensation. As Christmas is a romantic festival, Ocean Park provides a romance atmosphere for couples in love. It is totally different from the Hong Kong Disneyland that only providing funds to kids. In conclusion, Ocean Park takes care of wide range of their customers. No matter students, elderly, families, friends, couples, kids, big kids, etc, they used to provide variety themes to its target customers and make them fresh in every visit. Purpose of the study According to the Tourism Development Bureau, 2009 Visitor Arrivals Summary by Country / Territory of Residence of the show, visitors from Mainland China had 1,848,832, accounting for the total number of visitors in Hong Kong 60.4%, 14.1% increase over 2008, statistics show Chinese mainland tourists are our most important visitors. In February 2005, the Ocean Park Corporation submitted to the Government a $5.55 billion master plan to redevelop the park into a world-class marine-themed park featuring more than 70 attractions. The redevelopment plan continues to emphasise the importance of community involvement and the parks role in supporting conservation and educational initiatives in Hong Kong. First to the second phase has been completed, some new rides and attractions have facilities open to the re-development project is expected to be in the final stages of completion in 2014. Consolidated basis of the above information, the purpose of the investigation is to understand the mainland tourists for the satisfaction of the current park, which re-development projects of the impact on the marine park. Through empirical data, we hope to show whether the re-development project had brought about the expected effectiveness and benefits to make a survey and analysis Contribution of the study Our research will focus on mainland visitors entering the park satisfaction, motivation and behavior in the park re-development project between the impact of mainland tourists as the parks main target, to bring the benefits of the parks contribution through the study expect to learn more about the expectations of mainland tourists to the park, the facilities of the park today, attractions, transport and surrounding infrastructure, based on the above criteria, and wanted to come up with behavioral intention Ocean Park visitors, tourist motivation, satisfaction Behavioral intention Behavioral intention is the consumers behavior or actions, including the recommendations of others and revisits. Boulding, Kalr, Staelin, and Zeithaml (1993)  [1]  as interpreted by the repurchase intentions, and would recommend to others to measure consumer behavior, intent, intention to act on behalf of tourists Consumer product or service behavioral tendencies, the main response to the possibility of a future purchase, whether the possibility of renewal or conversion; Customer willing the establishment of positive word of mouth support tendencies. It can be seen, recreation and tourist industry in customer loyalty should have Revisiting the meaning Positive appreciation Intention to recommend behavior The intention in this study as a basis to measure three aspects Tourism motivation Human activities, has its inherent psychological reasons, it is Motivation  [2]  , it is one of the Motivation will inevitably produce a certain kind of behavior. Therefore, the motivation = behavior is a psychological causation. Because of the psychological long-term incentives, including the requirements, needs, drives, excitement, attitude, interests, aspirations and so the definition, towards the goal and guidance to the activities of the process, TO Select Hong Kong as Ocean Park personal activities arising from what motives caused. Scope of this study of travel motivations, the Department of the subjects in the tourist motivation scale, said the scores on it. That including physical and mental relaxation, leisure, social, self-affirmation, and four levels of learning new knowledge. Subjects, the higher the score, indicating that the strength of its tourism motivation is stronger, lower scores, indicating the strength of tourism motivation is weaker. Satisfaction  [3]   The concept of consumer satisfaction theory, consumers will pay to bring it reasonable and practical to obtain satisfied with the kind of feeling. Open before the expected experience opened gain experience, and in the overall recreation experience visitors as satisfactory. The satisfaction of the Institute for the tourists call it entertainment environment, the properties of each level, This is the Ocean Park visitors engage in recreation environment, tourism, services, and results of subsequent experience. the satisfaction of tourists, including all the major services, entertainment, environment, landscape experience, ideas exchange, to recreational activities around the six areas. Department of subjects in the experience satisfaction, said the scores on it. The higher the score, which indicates that Ocean Park had a higher degree of satisfaction, on the contrary, a lower score is expressed not satisfied with that. To achieve the purpose, the following objectives are set: Personal characteristics of mainland tourists travel Motivation Motivation of tourism impact on satisfaction To discuss redevelopment plans adopted will revisit the impact Satisfaction, the impact on the willingness to revisit Results of the analysis, review the direction and objectives of the present park effectiveness, to re-formulate the future direction and policies of the park, as the view or policy-making foundation, is an important part of policy formulation. Scope and limitations of the study Scopes The research will determine the motivation and satisfaction of the guests of the Ocean Park Hong Kong. The implementation of the research will be analyzed and discussed. In the research, the ranges of study will be divided into three areas: Areas of study All the enabled facilities, including the attractions and shows, dining area and shopping stores in the Ocean Park, and the surrounding facilities related to the Ocean Park will be the areas of study. The facilities which are under construction will not be included in this research. Objects of study According to the press release announced by Ocean Park on 25 June 2010, the Ocean Park attained 5.1 million of attendance for year 2009/2010. The data indicated that there are more than 53% of guests are tourists from Mainland China, which are the biggest portion of the attendance. Thus, the research will focus on the tourists from Mainland China (both tour group visitors and individual visitors), in family basis and the head of the family, who visit the Ocean Park during the sampling time frame. Variables of study This research will focus on analyzing the background characteristics (e.g. ages, occupations, education and place of residence) of the tourists from Mainland China, and their travel motivations, satisfactions and expectations to the Ocean Park. Limitations This research will be limited by a variety of factors as below: The redevelopment work of the Ocean Park is still in progress. It will be delivered in phases by 2012. Consequently, the areas of this research will only cover the developed and enabled facilities. The research result will not include all parts in Ocean Park. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction of the visitors will be affected by the redevelopment work. For those Mainland tourists who visit the Ocean Park before or after the time frame of this research, will not be considered as the objects of the study. Since the research will only focus on a group of people and there will be time frame for the research, the research result can only reflect the analysis of a portion of the total population. The credibility of the collected data depends on the honesty of the respondents which is the situation we cannot control. This will affect the accuracy of the research result. Methodologies to be used We will obtain primary data through the process of direct observations, questionnaires and survey/personal interview. At the same time, information will be collected from secondary sources. Primary Data Observations We will conduct observations in order to acquire accurate data. The tourists from Mainland China in the Ocean Park will be observed and recorded as much of their behavior as possible. Observation is an easy but a time consuming task. Observational research techniques are required for collecting the data. The observers will be aware of not letting the targeted subjects know they are being observed. The findings are considered high degree of validity because the observer will be able to collect a depth of information about the behavior of the targeted subjects. Questionnaire A questionnaire (see Appendix I) is designed for obtaining the survey/personal interview. We intend to use the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data from at least 300 tourists from Mainland China who have visited the Ocean Park. The questionnaire is divided into three parts. Part one is to collect personal information and their motivation for visiting Ocean Park, which helps us to get the different background of the tourists. The other part is to assemble their level of satisfaction to the Ocean Park. The remaining part of the questionnaire is to gather the expectations and opinions on the strengths and limitations of the Ocean Park for further improvement. The questionnaire is designed based on the following questions: What is the factor attracted you to visit the Ocean Park? Do you satisfy with the current facilities of Ocean Park? What do you expect for the future development of Ocean Park? What do you suggest the Ocean Park for improvement? Will you visit the Ocean Park again? The questionnaire will be tested in a pilot study for checking the quality of the questions and estimating the response rate, so as to modify the questionnaire if necessary. Conduct of Survey/Personal Interview In the study, we intend to collect the data from three groups of people. The first group of targeted interviewees is the tourists from China who have visited the Ocean Park and within the ages of 18-60; the second group is the representative of the Ocean Park; and the third group is the Hong Kong Receiving Agents for Chinese Tours. We will use the questionnaire as a tool and conducting the survey with the first group of people. We expect to interview at least 300 people in the first group (tourists from China who have visited the Ocean Park) in order to collect their background, motivations and satisfactions of visiting the Ocean Park. The survey/personal interview will be carried out from 13 November 2010 On the other hand, we will invite the Chairman of the Ocean Park, Dr. Allan Zeman, for an informational interview (see Appendix II). This interview aims to gather his insights of the future development of the Ocean Park and his view on the continuing growth of the guests from Mainland China. Besides, we will search the list of Hong Kong Receiving Agents for Chinese Tours through the website of Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong. We will invite the agents for an interview (see Appendix III), to get the sales information for the Ocean Park tickets and their view on the continuing growth of the tourists from Mainland China. Sampling Methods Not all members of the population will be sampled. Only the guests who are inside or outside the Ocean Park will be sampled randomly. A screening question will be asked to determine whether the respondent is qualified to answer the questionnaire. We target to talk only to the head of the family or head of the group of people. If the person we would like to interview is unwilling or unable to participate, we will invite the other family members or group members to be interviewed. Problems Occurred There will be a variety of problems occurred while conducting the research: Time availability How long should the survey be taken? Do we have enough time for doing the interviews? Lengthy questionnaire may scare away the interviewees, especially the tourists. Geographic restrictions The targeted interviewees are over too broad a geographic range for us to carry out a personal interview. Language issues The tourists from Mainland China not only speak in Mandarin and Cantonese. Parts of them speak in Chinese dialect. Low response rate Some interviewees are unwilling to be interviewed and surveyed. They will refuse to respond. The low response rates are among the most difficult of problems in the research. Incomplete questionnaire There will be insufficient data for the analysis. Problems Solving The following strategies will be set for solving the problem: The questionnaire should not be too long and too complicated. The content should be easy for understanding. We will obtain the interview and survey inside or outside the Ocean Park. It is easier for sampling the targeted interviewees. The interviewers should be multilingual and speak Chinese dialect. We will not expect all the respondents to cooperate. Secondary Data Secondary data is important for this study. The research of the secondary data will be attained through the various channels: Annual Report The annual report of the Ocean Park will be searched. The report will provide the most accurate information on the guests attendance, current situation and future development. Internet Search We will conduct the internet search in order to find the relevant articles, background and objectives of the Ocean Park. Reference Books We will search the reference books in libraries for collecting the information of Ocean Park or relevant information. Newspapers Newspapers will be searched for collecting the relevant articles and news of the Ocean Park. Data Analysis A variety of data and information will be attained through the observations, survey/personal interview and secondary sources research. The different characteristics of the respondents, e,g, ages, occupations, education and place of residence, the travel motivations, the satisfactions and expectations of the Ocean Park will be the major data collected. The implementation of the research and survey will be analyzed by our team members. The result of the analysis will show the Mainland tourists willingness to revisit the Ocean Park. Also, it will illustrate the direction and objectives of the current effectiveness of the Ocean Park, and suggest the future direction and polices of the park. A trial table of contents with chapter outlines Proposed table of contents (for project 2) Introduction Description on the business conducting Current business profile operation Background of the Ocean Park Statement of the problem Purpose contribution of the study Scope limitations of the study Methodologies /Data collection Primary data Secondary data Data analyze Identify the challenges of the Ocean Park SWOT analyzes for the Ocean Park Evaluate the marketing mix of the Ocean Park Recommendation Conclusion Bibliography Appendixes Allocation of project tasks among group members Time schedule for the whole project Questionnaire A brief bibliography Books Larsen, Michael. How to Write a Book Proposal, 3rd ed.. 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Allocation of project tasks among group members P = Principle S = Support Kathy Janice Joe Victor Tommy Idea Discussion P P P P P Finalize the Idea of Topic and Project Title P P P P P Methodologies Primary Data Observations P S S S S Questionnaire S P S S S Conduct of Survey/Personal Interview S S P S S Sampling Methods S S S P Secondary Data: Annual Report S P Internet Search S P Reference Books P S Newspapers S P Data Analyzing S S P Contact with Company P S Company Interview P S Time Setting S P Research Plan P S Project Proposal P S Cover page design S P PowerPoint Materials S P Group Members of Allocation of work Do the part of the project proposal: LAM Hiu Ying, Janice Collect all the information and analyze them. Find information from the relevant books and web sites. Scope and limitation, methodologies Bibliography LEUNG Wai Chung, Joe Collect all the information and analyze them. Find information from the relevant books and web sites. Background Statement of problem Bibliography WONG Kit Hung, Kathy Collect all the information and analyze them. Find information from the relevant books and web sites. Content pages, Bibliography YIP Fuk Ming, Tommy Collect all the information and analyze them. Find information from the relevant books and web sites. Cover page, Purpose and contribution of the study Allocation of the project tasks among group members Bibliography LEUNG King Lap, Victor Collect all the information and analyze them. Find information from the relevant books and web sites. A time schedule